When To Use Accents and Diacritical Marks in Spanish

When To Use Accents and Diacritical Marks in Spanish The most immediately obvious difference between written Spanish and written English is Spanishs use of written accents, and occasionally of diereses (also known as umlauts). Both of these features are known as diacritical marks. Beginning Spanish students usually learn right away that the main use of the accent is to help with pronunciation, and specifically in telling the speaker which syllable of a word should be stressed. However, accents also have other uses, such as distinguishing between certain homonyms, parts of speech, and indicating a question. The only use of the dieresis is to assist in pronunciation. Here are the basic rules for using the written accent and the dieresis: Stress The rules for determining which syllable should be stressed are quite simple in Spanish. Accents are used to indicate exceptions to the rules. Here are the basic rules: If a word ends in a vowel, the letter s, or the letter n, the stress is on the next to last syllable.In other words without an accent, the stress is on the last syllable. Simply put, if the stress is on a syllable other than that indicated above, an accent is used to indicate where the stress is placed. Following are a few examples, with the approximate pronunciation in phonetic English. Note that a vowel may either gain or lose an accent when a word is put into plural or singular form. See the rules on pluralization for other examples. examen (egg-SAH-men)exmenes (eggs-SAH-men-ess)muà ±Ãƒ ³n (moon-YOHN)muà ±ones (moon-YOHN-ness)cancià ³n (kahn-SEEOHN)canciones (kahn-SEEOHN-ess) Distinguishing Homonyms Homonym pairs are separate words that have different meanings even though they sound alike. Here are some of the most common ones: de, of, from; dà © first- and third-person singular subjunctive form of dar, to give)el, the; à ©l, hemas, but; ms, moremi, my; mà ­, me;se, a reflexive and indirect object pronoun used in various ways; sà ©, I knowsi, if; sà ­, yessolo, only (adjective), single, alone; sà ³lo, only (adverb), solelyte, you (as an object); tà ©, teatu, your; tà º, you Demonstrative Pronouns Although the spelling reform of 2010 means they arent strictly necessary except to avoid confusion, accents also are traditionally used in Spanish on demonstrative pronouns to distinguish them from demonstrative adjectives. Talk about demonstrative parts of speech might sound like a mouthful, so its probably best to remember that in English were simply talking about the words this, that, these and those. In English, those words can be either adjectives or pronouns. In I like this book, this is an adjective; in I like this, this is a pronoun, since it stands for a noun. Here are the same sentences in Spanish: Me gusta este libro, I like this book. Me gusta à ©ste, translated as either I like this or I like this one. Note that when used as a pronoun, à ©ste traditionally has a written accent. In Spanish the demonstrative pronouns in the singular masculine form are à ©ste, à ©se, and aquà ©l, and the corresponding adjectives are este, ese, and aquel. Although distinguishing the meanings of these pronouns goes beyond the scope of this lesson, suffice it to say here that este/à ©ste corresponds roughly to this, while both ese/à ©se and aquel/aquà ©l can be translated as that. Items with which aquel/aquà ©l are used are farther from the speaker. Quiero aquel libro could be translated as I want the book thats over there. The following chart shows the various forms of the demonstrative pronouns (with the traditional accents) and adjectives, including the feminine and plural forms: Quiero este libro, I want this book. Quiero à ©ste, I want this one. Quiero estos libros, I want these books. Quiero à ©stos, I want these ones. Quiero esta camisa, I want this shirt. Quiero à ©sta, I want this one. Quiero estas camisas, I want these shirts. Quiero à ©stas, I want these ones.Quiero ese libro, I want that book. Quiero à ©se, I want that one. Quiero esos libros, I want those books. Quiero à ©sos, I want those ones. Quiero esa camisa, I want that shirt. Quiero à ©sa, I want that one. Quiero esas camisas, I want those shirts. Quiero à ©sas, I want those ones.Quiero aquel libro, I want that book over there. Quiero aquà ©l, I want that one over there. Quiero aquellos libros, I want those books over there. Quiero aquà ©llos, I want those ones over there. Quiero aquellas camisas, I want those shirts over there. Quiero aquà ©llas, I want those ones over there. There are also neuter variations of these pronouns (eso, esto, and aquello), and they are not accented because there are no corresponding neuter adjective forms. Interrogatives: A number of words are accented when they are used in a question (including an indirect question) or exclamation, but they arent otherwise accented. Such words are listed below:  ¿Adà ³nde? Where (to)? ¿Adà ³nde vas? Where are you going? ¿Cà ³mo? How? ¿Cà ³mo ests? How are you? ¿Cul?  ¿Cules? Which one? Which ones? ¿Cul es ms caro? Which one is more expensive? ¿Cundo? When?  ¿Cundo sales? When are you leaving? ¿Cunto?  ¿Cunta?  ¿Cuntos?  ¿Cuntas? How much? How many?  ¿Cuntos pesos cuesta el libro? How many pesos does the book cost? ¿Dà ³nde? Where?  ¿De dà ³nde es usted? Where are you from? ¿Por quà ©? Why?  ¿Por quà © vas? Why are you going? ¿Quà ©? What? Which?  ¿Quà © libro prefieres? What book do you prefer? ¿Quià ©n?  ¿Quienes? Who? Whom?  ¿Quià ©nes quieren mi libro? Who wants my book? Diereses: The dieresis (or umlaut) is used above the u when the u is sounded in the combinations of gà ¼i or gà ¼e. Without the umlaut, known as la dià ©resis or la crema in Spanish, the u would be silent, serving only to indicate that the g is pronounced as a hard g rather than similar to the j. (For example, guey with no umlaut would sound something like gay.) Among the words with umlauts are vergà ¼enza, shame; cigà ¼eà ±a, stork or crank; pingà ¼ino, penguin; and agà ¼ero, prediction.

Heinekein Company

Heinekein Company Company Profile Heineken is one of the largest beer brands in the world. In addition the company has more than 165 international. In this company the main aim is to have a worldwide best brand portfolio and be the leading brewer.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Heinekein Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Today beer is widely available and enjoyed in most countries and cultures all over the world. Heineken is one of the largest companies in a global network of distributors and breweries. In addition, Heineken manufactures the world’s most popular beer brands. The headquarters of the company has both centralized and decentralized organization to enhance global marketing. Specific guidelines have been put up to provide the face of the brand with fundamental values and add value for local marketers. The company has an executive board that creates and implements the corporate strategy and manages all compani es related to it. The board members are appointed by shareholders of the company who ensure that the company’s strategies are enacted. The company aims at striking equilibrium between the various managerial positions within the whole conglomerate. Promotional events of the company entail incorporation of the various managers’ submission of budgets and strategies in the specific market spheres. These are then viewed by the headquarters to allow for consistency in Heinekens international advertising. Product Name The name of the product is Heineken beer. Heineken has a cooperate culture whereby it enables the organization to adapt and integrate into the culture in which they will be operated.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Heinekens name is picked after being viewed as an integral part of the societies it is present. Much value is put on respect, honor and understanding the socio-political nature and the local culture consuming the product. History In Central Europe, Heineken is the largest brewery; it has a number of brands that are well marketed. Heineken is usually marketed around the world as a premium brand; in terms of price towards the customers (Sharon 300). The company adopted the laid down ideology of the Dutch Corporate Governance Code (Ashish and David 34). The company has a strong foothold in the european markets that account for almost half of its revenues. Information According to a study done by Project Come it proved that the brand’s uniqueness arises from a strong foundation that comprises of various unique attributes of the Heineken brand. It was evident that the Heineken beer brand was loved and adored by many consumers due to these unique characteristics. The ingredients of the beer mainly include, hops water and yeast. All these are supplied by farmers nearest to the production plant. Target market Th e target market of the brand is wide with much focus put on the youth above eighteen years of age. The brand is also widely found throughout Europe, Africa and America. A higher percentage of those who consume the product are middleclass individuals who enjoy their drinks in bars. However, in certain countries the beer is taken during occasions while others take it as a daily consumption beer (Heiat, Gross and Krumholz 1685). Strengths Heineken as a beer is produced on the high quality standards.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Heinekein Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The beer has attractive packaging that pleases the customer. Heineken is a lighter beer with less alcoholic content. The beer has a special unique taste. The formula used to prepare the beer is original with none of it used anywhere. The brand is widely available. Heineken is a premium brand beer that is available to its customers in terms of price. An additional strength to it is that it is the most heavily advertised premium beer in Europe and worldwide and use TV commercials heavily. The appearance and make of the Heineken bottle and logo puts the brand ahead of the rest.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Weaknesses The brand lacks an integrated marketing campaign. The efforts necessary for brand revitalization are not present. The brand image is not consistent with the brand communication. In certain areas there is no production base. Cultural factors have played a big role in limiting the expansion of the Heineken brand in various markets. Heineken is usually consumed by patrons of a slightly older generation when compared to other brands. There is a challenge in enabling the brand to be accepted by teenagers and younger individuals. Cost; the cost of Heineken compared to most beer brands are on the higher side. There brand lacks worldwide advertising thus market for the brand is not well reached. The TV commercials that are aired basically reach the larger markets only. Opportunity The company has an opportunity of sponsoring sports both at local and regional levels. Information technology has created an opportunity to Heinekens upgrade on security. Business operations in and outs ide the company is increasing. For example, the current advancement in technology has opened a large market to access world population without any barrier. This has enabled the company to reach various areas of the world. Threats The long-lasting proclaimed of superiority the Heineken brand may in itself be a threat. This is to enable the brand to flourish and have a strong reputation. Heineken meets a challenge to enhance a global recognition through the identity of the brand, to maintain a healthy financial position. With globalization going on, more brewers are looking for new markets, while governments on the other hand have an intention of gaining maximum profit and also get empathy on ethical grounds by imposing taxes that are heavy on beer imports. In London, drinking alcohol on public transport is prohibited; this will hence decrease the market of Heineken as individuals want to enjoy their beers wherever and whenever they want to. Economic changes that occur in revenues of a country would also pose a threat to the sales of Heineken. Currency fluctuation could create a threat to the company’s results. Recession in certain countries has brought individuals to choose an alternative drink that is cheaper; as a result Heinekens distribution aspect faces a threat. The brand might face a decline in consumption as the lifestyle of this new generation has changed due to lack of time and individuals spend less time in bars. This would then lead to a fall in sales volume. The threat for power of supplier is high as the main suppliers of raw materials to the company are farmers. The threat for power of buyers is also high as the consumers have a wide variety of companies serving beer and thus the choice of the customer’s preference is not limited. Today, there is a high number of small breweries being opened up making the industry very competitive, making Heineken have no choice but to share the market with other brewers. Therefore, there is a threa t of probable new entries in the beer industry. The threat of substitutes; Due to the above threats Heineken may be forced to create a new and unique product that can sustain the competition the face in the beer market. Since beer is an alcohol beverage, an individual may choose to switch to drink wine which also contains alcohol. This will also affect the beer market which as well affects the sale of Heineken. As a result, the threat of substitute for beer market is high. Recommendations Different stages of the product in different markets dictate employment of different strategies such that in growing markets both pulling and pushing strategies are suitable (Britton, et al. 115). In these advertisements they should also be able to focus on the local market thus market mix should also be observed whereby the consumer will develop a greater emotional link to the company. The website developed for the company should be able to attract every consumer depending on the area. Thus local language should be used on different countries. If the company is involved in sponsorship, there is a high chance of it opening up to its marketing. This can be through sports and music events or films targeting to appropriate demographic profiles. Also, its global branding strategy should account for the socio-cultural influences, attitudes and the perception of its consumers in all foreign markets. This will enable the headquarters marketing forces to play an important advisory role for local partners (Herring, Patti, et al. 427). Ashish, Chandra, and David, Paul. ‘Modern Brewing technologies‘. Hosp Top 3.81 (2003): 33-38. Britton, Annie, et al. â€Å"Beer brewing: Threats to success on heinekenâ€Å". Journal of Breweries 4.2 (1999): 112-121. Heiat, Asefeh, Gross, Cary, and Krumholz, Harlan. ‘European business techniques,’ Beer Industry 162.1 (2002): 1682–1688. Herring, Patti, et al. ‘Understanding the challenges in attainig an excellent b eer industry: The beer study,’ Ethn Dis 14.3 (2004): 423–430. Sharon, Mason.‘How Europe and worldwide and use TV commercials.’ Heineken beer 30.1 (2004): 296-304.

The American civil war. Arms and Equipment of the Civil War Essay

The American civil war. Arms and Equipment of the Civil War - Essay Example Lee who served as the confederate commander surrendered. In western civilizations, wars, such as the American Civil War, are usually characterized by five essential features. These include: Technology The Armed Forces of the West have always relied on superior technology, usually to compensate for inferior numbers. In the American Civil war, there were technologies that made this conflict more lethal than other past wars that had been conducted in the United States. This was the last war in which ancient artifacts such as wooden ships were used during hostilities. It also saw the introduction of weapons such as torpedoes, Gatling Guns, ironclads, and submarines, into modern warfare. When the war first broke out, the soldiers from both the Union and Confederate sides used old smoothbore muskets.1 These weapons allowed only for slow reloading and had a firing range of approximately eighty yards. Soon the Union soldiers were outfitted with rifles, which allowed for quick reloading of bu llets and had better accuracy and a wider firing range. The Confederate army would also start utilizing these types of rifles for more effectiveness. Both armies also began to make use of a new bullet known as the ‘Minnie ball’. The Minnie ball was much easier to reload than the older bullets. While these new types of weapons were more efficient, they also caused many more casualties within a shorter time period. Minnie balls resulted in many soldiers who were not effectively killed by this contraption sustaining deep tissue damage. Unfortunately, the surgeons did not know how to effectively combat such wounds and would often cut off limbs of the affected patient in order to save his life. Another weapon that gained widespread use during the civil war is the Gatling gun- which was essentially a machine gun that was positioned on wheels. This weapon could kills tens of men while being fired and rotated to cover all sides. Discipline More in the Western civilization relie d heavily on discipline, Western military practice has always exulted discipline, rather than kinship, religion or patriotism as the primary instrument that turns bands of men as individuals into soldiers fighting as part of an organized unit.2 In the American civil war, the soldiers had to live in a structured society which had privates at the lowest rank, followed by corporals and then sergeants, second lieutenants, lieutenants, captains, majors, lieutenant colonels, and finally colonels. To keep the men in top fighting condition, there was strict discipline. Offenses as minor as disregarding camp duty and not taking good care of one’s rifle was punished by hard labor such as digging latrines and uprooting large trees. More serious offenses such as theft, insubordination, or even cowardice in the time of action were punished by forcing the errant soldier to perform activities that would humiliate them before their colleagues. For instance, men were forced to carry logs, or wear signs that proclaimed their mistakes to all. There were also offenses such as performing acts of treason, murder, and desertion for which the errant soldier would be killed by hanging or by a firing squad. These punishments would be administered by the army’s Provost Marshal. Aggressive Military Tradition Shared military theories and doctrines help soldiers to understand how to conduct major operations as well as campaigns while preparing them for service in the fields. In the American civil war, the armies utilized Jomini's war theories. Baron Jomini’s theory on war was based on major European wars such as took place in the